The study is to describe the results of backtranslation test on the students translation. Besides translation, editing, and proofing, both backtranslation and reconciliation provide two additional opportunities to refine and assess your translation results. This translation technique introduces a change in grammatical structure. The process of back translation is especially useful for professional translators who wish to ensure the most. An effective method to improve neural ma chine translation with monolingual data is to augment the parallel training corpus with backtranslations of target. Thus, it helps to establish the same meaning between the original and translated text. Backtranslation i wrote to you at the beginning of the year adverb adjective he lives precariously backtranslation he leads a precarious life oblique translation techniques 18. However, its effectiveness has been challenged since automatic metrics such as bleu only show significant improvements for test examples where the source itself is a translation, or translationese. A back translation is usually performed by a translator who was not involved in the. This suggests that students have been relatively successful in the translation process. He goes on to refer to the following methods of translation. After the back translation is completed, the next step is to compare the back translation to the source to determine whether or not there are any differences that matter between the two, and to reconcile those differences either by making changes to the translation or by confirming that the original translation does convey the proper message.
Back translation will be limited to selected items that will be identified in two ways. The term might seem familiar, as it is used in many fields, but this article will explain the role of transposition in translation. Therefore, methods for tackling the translation of structural and. Download our free 28page ebook pdf to read when convenient. Meaning and translation universitas negeri yogyakarta. Studies were classified into categories as follows. Transposition is the first technique or step towards oblique translation. Backtranslation, as its name suggests, is a process whereby the translated text is retranslated back into the source language by a. The discrepancies are identified either in meaning or in form, and in both. Boiled down to its core, a succinct back translation definition is when a translation team takes a translation document that has already been translated into a target language, and then independently using a different translator or team translates it back into the original source.
Jan 01, 2017 to measure the success of the translator in the translation process, it requires a series of translation assessments, such as the accuracy test, reasonableness test, readability test, understandability test, consistency test, and back translation. Backtranslation for crosscultural research richard w. Oblique translation techniques are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language. A technique is a particular method of doing an activity, usually a method that involves. Modulation is about changing the form of the text by introducing a semantic change or perspective. English translation of technique collins frenchenglish. It is the translation of a target document to its original or source language. Article information, pdf download for backtranslation for crosscultural. What do i need to know about the back translation method. The back translation and reconciliation process that i described in my post from last week is not an exact science. A systematic survey instrument translation process for multi. We emphasis meaning equivalence since in translation meaning is the object to be rendered from the source language text into the target language text. Comparison of a back translation with the original text is sometimes used as a check on the accuracy of the original translation, much as the accuracy of a mathematical operation is sometimes. A back translation is achieved by taking the translated version of a file or document and having an independent translator, with no prior knowledge of the original content, translate it back into the original language.
However, strict translation does not necessarily capture the underlying health concept to be measured. The assessment is on the meaning and form equivalence. Dissatisfaction with the back translation method has led survey researchers to. Negative contrast make sure you call us every week. On the evaluation of machine translation systems trained with. Targetside monolingual data plays an important role in boosting fluency for phrasebased statistical machine translation, and we investigate the use of monolingual data for nmt.
In contrast, the translation of health services research hsr language is relatively new. Leave linguistic details up to the translation team. Only few indicate unequal realization in form and meaning. Transposition involves moving from one grammatical category to another without altering the meaning of the text.
The back translation process is simply not designed to catch these types of errors. One of the most important translation techniques is called transposition. This will help you determine the quality and accuracy of the translated text with respect to the original text. In this study, the assessment on the students work is focused on a technique of back translation. The method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Assessment technique, backtranslation, literary text.
Over 100,000 english translations of french words and phrases. Back translation what is it and why is it important. Backtranslation and other translation techniques in crosscultural research. Back translation i wrote to you at the beginning of the year adverb adjective he lives precariously back translation he leads a precarious life oblique translation techniques 18. An independent backtranslation means that an original translation would render items from the original version of the instrument to a second language, and a second translatorone not familiar with the instrumentwould translate the instrument back into the original language geisinger, 1994, p. In this paper, we discuss three translation techniques. He writes that, while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language p. The emotion of happy is translated into several words included bahagia, senang.
Most hsr studies that involve instrument translation usually stop after the forward and back translation processes, even if multiple translators are used perneger, et al. Paper to be submitted to the international journal of psychology, 1970. Translation techniques presentation linkedin slideshare. Back translation revisited inline translation services. Sometimes, we find some difficulties in translation process and get confused whether the translation is fine, whether it is too literal or too dynamic. It is useful to think of these problems under two headings. Technique definition and meaning collins english dictionary. In brief words, back translation can be defined as the procedure. Crosscultural research and backtranslation the sport journal. Back translation and other translation techniques in crosscultural research. The ability to choose the correct translation technique is an indispensable skill to translators. It could be sort of a challenge for translators to maintain the message in the source language text while at the same time presenting it in a natural.
Some institutions and organizations request a back translation to verify content, and for many this has become a regulatory and legal requirement. The process of translating a document that was translated from one language to another back to the original language. Who process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Literal translation is a wellknown technique, which means that it is quite easy to find sources on the topic. Therefore, an alternate method which is referred to as the conceptual method was developed by euroreves. Using the same approach as that outlined in the first step, the instrument will then be translated back to english by an independent translator, whose mother tongue is english and who has no knowledge of the questionnaire. Back translation is a widely used data augmentation technique which leverages target monolingual data. In this paper, we investigate back translation for neural machine translation at a large scale by adding hundreds of millions of back translated sentences to the bitext. Despite taking extra time, back translation as performed by translation services is an excellent way of avoiding errors later on during the decisionmaking process. Analysis of translation strategies the analysis of data gathered for this research report is divided into several sections according to different translation strategies and where possible, tables are included. We certainly advise that you have these services added upfront to your highrisk, highvalue multilingual translation projects, instead of taking the risk of a mistranslation not being discovered.
Professional translation services will minutely observe the conceptual and cultural correspondence of the two texts original and translated texts. The current study is aimed at identifying the translation procedure of happy emotion of english into indonesian. Mar 10, 2016 back translation is not merely translating back and forth. Abstract concrete or viceversa i havent heard a word from him no he tenido noticias suyas back translation. Jun 25, 2010 back translation i did nothing but defend myself. It is usually impossible to replicate a spelling error, incorrect punctuation, or missing diacritical marks in a back translation, unless the meaning has changed. English translation of technique the official collins frenchenglish dictionary online. Back translation and reconciliation what, how and why. The back translation method lets customers who are not familiar with the target language assess the translation quality to an extent and check whether a given translation service provider delivered them an accurately translated text or not. Technique definition of technique by the free dictionary. Backtranslation definition of backtranslation by medical. Means result or viceversa ill drive you home te llevo a casa en mi auto back translation. Back translation as a documentation tool semantic scholar. Jul 17, 20 in addition to the above brief description about backtranslation method, especially for academic research in translation studies, if one is investigating the naturalness, accuracy or equivalence in translation, heshe should consider that the back translator should be someone who is equally good in both sl and tl as wild et al 2005 mention that back translators are the people who develop.
A back translation is a translation of a translated text back into the language of the original text, made without reference to the original text. Back translation is a mechanism that ensures that consent forms, surveys and other clinical trial documents are clear and accurate in the translated form. Back translation is the process of translating a document that has already been translated into a foreign language back to the original language preferably by an independent translator translation of raw data such as focus group transcripts back into the language of a client from the language of the consumers is common in market research in asia. As mentioned earlier, the analysis is largely based on the translation strategies described by mona baker 1992. Backtranslation is a very helpful tool while considering particular attention to sensitive translation problems across cultures. Chapter 6 translation problems university of essex. A theoretical framework for backtranslation as a quality. Nov 22, 2016 arnold schwarzenegger this speech broke the internet and most inspiring speech it changed my life. Translation procedures, strategies and methods by mahmoud ordudari abstract translating culturespecific concepts cscs in general and allusions in particular seem to be one of the most challenging tasks to be performed by a translator.
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